10,000 Hours Is Not Enough

Yesterday I joined up with another retired walker who played basketball at what was in his day, a Division 1 program. When we reached what turned out to be our mutual turn around point neither of us turned around. There was a moment when we looked at each other, waiting for someone to chicken out, but we continue down the trail. A quarter of a mile later, we discovered that both of us were going for a personal best. I walked 7.25 miles, a mile further than my previous best. My friend finished with 9.4 miles, improving his record by 0.2 miles.

Today, I am taking an unplanned day off. My legs and lower back are still sore.

In Outliers by Malcolm Gladwell, the author famously applies the discoveries found in a German psychological study of professional violinists to other fields of human endeavor. His conclusion, 10,000 hours of practice are required to achieve excellence. This is true no matter what your talent level or IQ score. This makes sense. The symphonies that Mozart wrote when he was eight years old weren’t as good as his later works.

There is more to the success equation than 10,000 hours, although that seems to be a necessary but not sufficient component. Angela Duckworth, author of Grit, a study of factors beyond talent and IQ that lead to success, observes that she runs every day, but her time hasn’t improved in years. She discussed this with an elite runner who asked her the following questions.

1) When you run do you have a goal? For example: Today I will run hills or run for time.
Answer: No, No, and No.

2) What do you do while you are running? For example: Focus on stride or breathing.
She distracts herself by listening to NPR.

3) How do you get feedback on your performance? For example: Do you measure speed or heart rate? Do you have a coach?
Answer: No, No, and No.

4) Are you going back every time you run, asking what can I refine here? What can I do to get better?
Answer: No and No.

Angela’s answers were even worse than mine which are pretty bad. I do set goals for and keep track of daily and weekly distance totals. Rarely, I try to increase my speed over a given distance, but that is about it. One of the discoveries in her studies is that success requires 10,000 hours of DELIBERATE PRACTICE which requires what she terms, grit.

Vince Lombardi put it this way, “Practice doesn’t make perfect. Perfect practice makes perfect.”

I think her findings apply to just about any facet of life. Goals are important. Although I reached my retirement goal at 62 instead of 55, I did reach my goal. Today, like Angela Duckworth, I don’t really have a clearly defined goal beyond trying to stay in good financial shape. I track my net worth, hoping to see it continue to grow even though I am retired. I consider it a personal affront when I need to dip into savings to pay property taxes or a big insurance bill. After three years, I have managed to stay below a 2% draw. Since 4% is considered safe, I guess I am doing OK. My fickle friend, the stock market, has helped me increase my net worth in retirement, but I know from experience, she might just choose to blow on another man’s dice.

Like Angela, I want to step up my game. Although I have read dozens of personal finance books, on most days I feel like I have read the same book 100 times. After spending over 20 years diligently working toward one of two major financial goals, it seems not having a Big Hairy Audacious Goal (BHAG) has left a hole in my life. If I want to improve this blog for my readers, I need to improve myself. Professional golfers have at least one coach. Some of them have more than one coach to work on different parts of their game. Athletes like Michael Jordan and Peyton Manning, who have forgotten more about their sports than most professional athletes will ever learn spent hours reviewing their performance and the performance of their adversaries on video tape.

Unlike professional athletes, our responsibilities to the sport of personal finance don’t end with retirement or even with our death. Although we can no longer do anything about it, we continue to be responsible for our spouse, our children, our grand children, and the charities or causes we believe to be important even though our bodies are in the grave.

There are still goals out there I haven’t even imagined. I can still step up my game.

What can you do to improve your performance?
What can you do today?
Just do it!

Life is What You're Doin'

“Research and Development are what you are doing when you don’t know what you are doing.”
Source Unknown

For 27 years I worked for the U.S. Navy’s ship research and development laboratory. The times when I was enjoying my job the most, I didn’t know what I was doing. The first time a strange new idea is tested in the real world, you can only hope that you designed an experiment that won’t cause too much damage to the facilities.

High ranking bureaucrats as well as the system lords of the Navy Yard and Pentagon fervently hope that research and development can be reduced to a set of instructions that if followed correctly will produce technical breakthroughs on a predictable basis. Every few years they attempt to implement one of these management fads. Usually, they pick the wrong system. Then they misapply it. After a few years, it will be discarded for the next management craze.

As one senior manager was fighting the last battle of his professional life, the one that ultimately led to his forced retirement, this wily old crocodile managed to implement ISO 9000 at our laboratory. Of course the entire story was more complex than one old man’s dream to control the way things were done in his empire from the grave, but as a result we were forced to develop process descriptions, check lists, new mandatory reports, auditing processes, and a host of other documents and requirements that added to the cost of our administrative burden.

ISO 9000 is a European quality control system that seems to work best in large factories that produce a limited number of products. For example, if you own 1,000 automatic screw machines that can be configured to produce a variety of screws and bolts, it really takes only one set of instructions and a rather simple set of checklists to make certain things are done the right way. The cost and complexity of auditing such a system is likewise relatively simple and inexpensive compared to the value of the output.

However, even in a midsized plant that produces semi-custom fabrications for a variety of industries, say vibratory feeders, the differences between machine designs, acceptable tolerances, materials, and even manufacturing processes can lead to massively complex and expensive documentation required to maintain ISO 9000 certification. The cost is simply not worth the benefit.

There is another problem with ISO 9000. It is process oriented, not results oriented. If one of your employees produces a truckload of defective parts, but has faithfully and correctly followed the documented procedures and filled out the required paperwork, he doesn’t have a problem. You have a problem. Now imagine what kind of excuses for failure ISO 9000 would offer recalcitrant government bureaucrats.

Needless to say, this system proved itself to be a large waste of time and money that really didn’t add any noticeable value to our products. After a few years, it joined quality circles, TQM, and TQL in the dustbin of forgotten management fads.

“Life is what you are doing when you don’t know what you are doing.”

Sorry, but I can’t reduce life, even something as simple as your personal financial life to as set of instructions that guarantee a predictable result. I can ask some questions and make a few suggestions that might help you design your own experiments, but neither you nor I can predict the outcome of the series of experiments we call life. Think about it. Did you marry the first person you dated?

While I am not dismissing the importance of sound practices, such as budgeting, don’t focus on the process to the exclusion of the results. Unlike dating, examining the results of your financial behavior is really pretty easy. I recommend that everyone at every stage of life do this simple inspection every month. I do it myself. Once a month calculate your net worth. Add up all your bank accounts, retirement accounts, the money in the cigar box hidden under the bed, and the equity in your home. Then add up all your debts, credit card debt, the balance on the car loan, and the amount required to pay off your house loan. OK twist my arm, I will let you include the value of your car as an asset, but please don’t include the value of furniture, electronics, and used clothing until they are sold. Subtract your debts from your assets. The result of this calculation is your net worth. Is the number getting larger? That is a good thing. Keep on doing what you are doing. Is the number getting smaller, or going more negative? That is a bad thing. Dig into the details. Discover the problem and change your behavior.

In one of the old classics, “Your Money of Your Life” by Joe Dominquez, the author even recommends graphing your net worth over the years until you reach your goal. I don’t think that is a bad idea, especially at the beginning of a drive to become debt free. Visual aids that show your progress can be inspiring. Maybe I should try that for weight loss? What if the graph shows that my weight is increasing with my consumption of beer and cheese crackers? Hmmm.

Keep a Knockin'

"Keep on asking, and you will receive what you ask for. Keep on seeking, and you will find. Keep on knocking, and the door will be opened to you.”
Matthew 7:7

While watching an interview featuring Tony Robbins and Joe Berlinger, a movie director who has recently produced a full length feature film documenting one of Robbins’ multi-day seminars, I was reminded of one of the key secrets to finding financial freedom. After pitching their movie, several people in the audience were given the opportunity to question Tony or Berlinger. In an answer to one of these questions Tony observed, “People over estimate what they can accomplish in a year, but they under estimate what they can accomplish in ten years.”

On numerous occasions, I have observed that the poor think week to week or even day to day. The middle class just wants to cover the monthly payments necessary to maintain their lifestyle. The rich are making plans that cover years. The very rich think in terms of decades.

For most of us, who do not win the lottery or have an indulgent rich sugar daddy, achieving financial freedom requires years of focused concentrated effort. Based on my personal experience, achieving a major financial goal will take about ten years of consistent work.

I paid off a thirty year mortgage in about 9 ½ years. I am afraid of debt. I wanted to get out of debt as quickly as possible. I was willing to make sacrifices in order to achieve this goal, but it was more than that. In my mind I was not a debtor. This was simply unacceptable. For eight years I drove a 1966 Volkswagen without air conditioning in order to make extra payments to principal. I maintained a spreadsheet detailing every payment that I made. As I made those payments, I watched months roll off the back side of that loan ultimately saving me well over $100,000. Every time I made an extra payment, I celebrated. When I made my last mortgage payment, I received the largest raise of my entire life. What could you do with an extra $1,000 every month?

About the time I turned 50, I started thinking about investing for retirement. Given that I was the totally debt free owner of a house and had some money in the bank and in my version of a 401(k) I was just about where Stanley and Danko, authors of The Millionaire Next Door would expect to find someone of my age and income. Then I went into savings overdrive. I gradually bumped up my contributions to the 401(k) to 14%, just below the recommended 15%. It was a mistake to reach that level so late in life, but I was suspicious after the Clinton administration “borrowed,” confiscated (?) all the G fund money in Government retirement accounts during one of the periodic Federal shutdowns. Of course Clinton returned my money, but after that, I never completely trusted that account. Instead, I went wild with my taxable investment account. On many months, my contributions to my taxable retirement nest egg were approaching 30% of my take home pay. It is amazing what can be accomplished if you don’t have a mortgage payment, a car payment, or carry a balance on a credit card. Over the course of ten years, I increased the liquid portion of my net worth by over 600%. At this point I was close to double the net worth expected for someone of my age and income.

I remember with some pleasure when during one of my annual performance evaluations my boss asked that silly question, “Where do you see yourself in five years?”

My answer, “Retired.”

You can do it. Set yourself a big goal. Then start to work. Record your progress. Celebrate your victories. Refuse to accept anything less than excellence in pursuing your dream. The day will come when other people will tell you that you are lucky. Just smile and agree with their evaluation of your success, reminding yourself that God does play a role in our lives.

Colossians 3:23
Whatever you do, work at it with all your heart, as working for the Lord, not for men.

Simple Questions

It is hard to give simple answers to what I perceive as a complex question. Recently I was asked what sort of percentage of her take home pay should a recent college graduate budget for her rent. Of course I had a number in my head, but without knowing any other details any counsel I could give would likely be bad counsel. Instead, I offered advice I consider critical in all situations. Pay yourself first. Put 10% of you take home pay into savings before budgeting the first penny. Avoid debt like the plague. If you consistently spend less than you make over a long period of time, you will find financial freedom.

Dave Ramsey recommends 25% as a target allocation for rent. I would be willing to go higher, perhaps 30% or even 33% in some instances. But it all depends. If you are living in a high rent area, like San Francisco, you might not want to live in an apartment or even be able to find an apartment that only consumes 30% of your take home pay. In some rural settings, 25% might provide an excessively opulent house better suited for a family.

If your parents gave you a good car, you will have more money available to live in a better neighborhood. If you have a car payment that is consuming 25% of your take home pay, it is likely you won’t be able to afford 25% for rent.

If you are a young single woman, you might be more interested in a safe apartment complex than a young man with nothing worth stealing. This would be a greater concern in a city than in a small town or a rural setting, but it is something that should be considered before making a decision.

Your choice of rental property will also determine the time and cost of your commute. When I lived in the Washington D.C. area, the cheapest acceptable apartment was about 18 miles away from my place of work. At the height of rush hour, it could take close to an hour to cover that miserably short distance. Using Metro and the bus took even longer.

There are other small concerns. Does the cost of rent include any utilities? Almost all apartments include the cost of water. If the complex provides an exercise room and a pool, how much is that worth to your quality of life?

Your budget will also reflect your values and your tastes. When I was young and single, my clothing expense was zero during most months. On the other hand, most young women would likely want to budget a percentage of their take home pay for clothing.

In the end, creating a budget seems much like squeezing a water balloon. What goes out of one end of the balloon will inflate the other end of the balloon. As long as don’t try to put $2,600 dollars worth of monthly expenses into a $2,500 balloon you will be OK. Your goal is to spend less than you take home after budgeting for all regular monthly expenses and allowing for all irregular expenses, such as insurance and taxes.

As For Me And My House!

Recently I listened to one of Rabbi Daniel Lapin’s podcasts. While I strongly recommend his book, Thou Shall Prosper, a study of personal finance from a traditional Jewish viewpoint, I seldom listen to his radio show as he tends to ramble and head down rabbit paths that have nothing to do with the topic of the discussion. During this broadcast, he noted that in his experience, the single most important variable that leads to wealth is membership in a family that has enjoyed reasonably healthy intact marriages for three generations. As I think about the people I have met over the course of my life, I can’t disagree with the good Rabbi. In my experience, people who talk about their grandparents and parents with respect, who retell family legends, myths, and stories that support financially responsible behavior tend to enjoy better outcomes in life.

A child born out of wedlock is 5 times more likely to grow up in poverty than a child raised in an intact family. Such a child is also more likely to do poorly in school, engage in criminal behavior, become a substance abuser, and have children out of wedlock. While there are exceptions, such as Doctor Ben Carson, the statistics are simply overwhelming. It is pretty clear that children that grow up in a traditional family enjoy a huge advantage.

While my family was not perfect, I was blessed with a third generation terror of debt. My grandparents were one of only two families in their section of Yankton County, SD that managed to hold on to their farm throughout the Great Depression. Terrified of debt, my grandmother insisted that my grandfather pay down the mortgage on the farm before buying any more land during the boom years of the twenties. My grandfather managed to give each of his four children a farm before he died. He believed that if they owned a farm, free and clear of debt, they could care for their families no matter what happened. As a child, I was told these sorts of stories over and over again. Back in the early sixties, credit card companies would send unsolicited cards to prospective customers. When my parents received one of these things in the mail, I was given a pair of scissors along with instructions to destroy that evil dangerous object. I didn’t get a credit card until I was 35 years old. By that time living without a credit card in the Washington, DC area was simply impossible.

Should it surprise anyone that I frequently write rants denouncing the evils of debt? It just never occurred to me to borrow money to buy a car or even pay for tuition for my second degree. Only in the last ten years or so have I learned that Warren Buffett teaches young people that the most important single thing they can do to reach financial freedom is avoid debt, particularly at an early age.

In many ways we become who we believe we will become; who we are told we will become. While Davy Crockett did not kill 200 Mexicans with the butt end of his rifle during the battle for the Alamo, believing that this is so will make a young Texan a braver solider and a better man. If you have the benefit of a stable supportive family that is a wonderful blessing, but if you don’t this very day you can take a stand. Sonya Carson made such a decision. She worked two or three jobs to support her family. Her faith gave her the wisdom and strength to change her family tree. In spite of growing up in a single parent home in the inner city, Doctor Carson turned out OK. I also expect his mother’s gift to her family tree will continue to provide blessings to our country for many generations to come.

Joshua 24:14-15King James Version (KJV)

14 Now therefore fear the LORD, and serve him in sincerity and in truth: and put away the gods which your fathers served on the other side of the flood, and in Egypt; and serve ye the LORD.
15 And if it seem evil unto you to serve the LORD, choose you this day whom ye will serve; whether the gods which your fathers served that were on the other side of the flood, or the gods of the Amorites, in whose land ye dwell: but as for me and my house, we will serve the LORD.

What do You Really Want?

What do you want? What do you really want, not just stuff and adventures, but what do you really want out of life? At times, I have been so disappointed with my life that I really didn’t know what I wanted beyond a few material possessions, for example a new car. During one of these times I was tired of paying to repair my collection of old rust buckets. More than anything else while living through these unhappy chapters, I just wanted someone to end the suffering. Suffering is something we all experience as humans in a fallen world.

When I began writing this article I went searching for a life list I wrote many years ago. It isn’t too bad especially considering what was going on in my life at the time. Some of my dreams have sort-of-kind-of came to pass. I wanted to retire in 2008 with a certain income. I managed to retire five years after the target date with pretty close to the desired amount of money. I wanted to get in better shape. Specifically I wanted to lose a little over 100 pounds. In fact I have lost about 35 pounds and I am in much better shape. I wanted to write. Guess I got my wish on that one. I am closing in on 800 blog articles. That seems kind of amazing to me. I didn’t know I had it in me. I am still working on some of these goals even though I forgot they were on the list. Really, the only one I have completely ditched is living in Hawaii. The taxes and cost of living is too high for the benefits. Although, I still want to spend time in Hawaii on at least a semi-regular basis.

Like engineering design, life is a trade off. As Steven Wright observed, “You can’t have everything. Where would you put it?”

When designing a speaker an engineer can’t have small size, high efficiency, and solid bass. To get a good bass sound out of a small speaker it must consume an enormous amount of power. Highly efficient speakers with a good lower range come in large boxes. Today, home theater systems use half a dozen or so little speakers with a large separate subwoofer camouflaged to look like a piece of furniture.

When the Japanese Zero was introduced in 1940, it quickly became the terror of the Pacific. Nothing could out dogfight a Zero, but its high performance and extremely long range came at a cost. The design engineers sacrificed armor, self sealing gas tanks, and even radios for everyone but command pilots to keep the weigh of the aircraft low. The Americans discovered that it didn’t take too many incendiary rounds to turn a Zero into a flaming ball of shrapnel.

Your life isn’t any different. If you want to live off the grid on a self sufficient organic farm, you won’t need a lot of income after paying for the land. However, you won’t be riding in your limousine to the opening of new season at the Metropolitan Opera. On the other hand, if your dream is to live in Trump Tower and work in a corner office at Goldman Sachs, your career will start with 12 hour workdays—minimum. After 20 years, you just might be able to reserve a box at the Met for the entire season.

Are your goals realistic? Are they realistic to you? If the answer is, “No,” to either of these questions, lower them or raise your opinion of your own abilities. If I wanted to become a 250 pound, 65 year old ballet dancer, I would hope my wife and friends would gently guide me in a new direction. However, I can become a better writer and maybe someday actually get paid by my readers. Losing another 15 pounds over the next six months is entirely realistic, as is a long stay in Hawaii.

A word about friends: In motivational literature the example of crabs in a bucket appears from time to time. It is said that it isn’t necessary for a fisherman to put a lid on a bucket of crabs. All the crabs will bite onto each other allowing no one to escape. Are your friends like crabs that are biting you, holding you down, and preventing you from escaping the cook’s bucket to find freedom? If this is the case, find some new friends—fast. Look for friends who will give you wise counsel and support you as you explore your lifetime and lifestyle goals. They will help you. In turn, someday it is quite likely you will have the opportunity to return the favor.

If you want to be a responsible adult, God and common sense requires you to work for a living to support your family and give something from your surplus to the community. Pay your bills, keep your promises, do your best not to become a burden to others. The rest of it is pretty much up to you and your spouse. There are a lot of ways to live a good life or even find your way to a better life—even at 65.

You can do it!

An Age Appropriate Balance

The subject keeps coming up in conversations so pardon me if this is something you have already seen more than one time. People frequently ask me what investments they should buy. Of course, since my crystal ball didn’t come with a set of instructions, I won’t suggest what to buy with specific recommendations, but I will suggest how to buy and a few rules of thumb to keep you out of trouble.

The old rule of thumb was your age in bonds. Bonds are here defined as cash, savings accounts, certificates of deposit, money market funds, bonds, and bond mutual funds. Equities, the other half of the equation would consists of individual shares including common stock, preferred stock, Real Estate Investment Trusts, Master Limited Partnerships (oil and gas pipelines) and mutual funds containing various forms of these equities.

Hence at age 30, an investor should have 30% in bonds and 70% in stocks.
At age 70, an investor should have 70% in bonds and 30% in stocks.

There are two reasons that this was accepted common wisdom. When you are young, you are playing with small amounts of money over a very long time period—the rest of your working life and beyond. When you are old you are (hopefully) dealing with large sums of money over a limited time—the rest of your life. Since you can’t easily go back to work at age 80 and start over, you can’t afford to make a big mistake at such an advanced age.

The second reason is—reason. Our decision making capacity peaks around age 55, then we start downhill.

Following the wretched stagflation of the 1970s, the conventional wisdom was changed to allow for the threat of inflation. First it was suggested your age less 10% in bonds. Then it went to your age less 15% in bonds during the go-go years leading up to the slow motion train wreck of 2006 to 2009.

Using this logic, at age 30 an investor should have 15% in bonds and 85% in stocks.
At age 70, an investor should have 55% in bonds and 45% in stock.

Since 2008, convention wisdom has been creeping back to something closer to the original suggestion of your age in bonds. If you stay within 5% or 10% of the old conventional wisdom, chances are you will be alright.

What about gold? Is it money or is it a stock? I change my mind on this question from time to time. Right now I consider gold money since the Chinese and the Indians consider it money. I still think the best advice I have heard on gold suggests, “Put 5% of your portfolio in gold (shares in GLD is the simplest method). Then pray every day that the value of your gold declines. If the value of your gold is declining, it is likely that the value of everything else is going up.” I think that 5% is a little on the high side, but I agree that every portfolio should contain some precious metal as insurance against a market collapse. The changing value of gold is a measure of fear in the marketplace. When everyone is optimistic and happy, the value of gold drops. When we worry about Brexit or are reacting to some other threat to the economy the price of gold goes up.

There are other considerations. What kind of bonds? What kind of stocks? While this question is beyond the scope of a single blog post, more in conservative positions and less in risky positions when you are old and the reverse when you are young. Hence a young person can afford to have more in small cap stocks, technologies, and developing markets. The old timer should have the bulk of his equity holdings in stable large cap stocks from the developed world along with shares in regulated utilities and consumer non-cyclicals that sell things people always need, like food, soap, and toilet paper.

The same logic applies to bonds. The safest are Treasury bonds and similar “full faith and credit” instruments issued by the Federal Government. Investment grade bonds from companies like Chevron, General Electric, and regulated utilities would come next. Junk bonds, euphemistically termed “high yield” are risky, but if you buy one from a company that works itself out of trouble, you can make a lot of money. Of course, if the company defaults, all you are left with is a worthless piece of paper.

Finally, let me mention diversification. If you have more than 7% to 10% of your net worth in any single company or even in a few closely related companies in the same sector you are asking for trouble. British Petroleum was one of the best managed, most profitable companies in the world, until a black oily swan flew over a drilling platform in the Gulf of Mexico. Then British Petroleum lost half its value in a couple of weeks. People, who held less than 10% in dotcoms in the years before 2000, didn’t make as much money as their friends who believed the most dangerous words in investing, “This time it’s different,” but then in 2000 when they watched their dotcoms fade into the sunset, they just shrugged their shoulders and moved on. Those who believed that this time it was different lost almost everything.

If the foundation of your investment portfolio contains shares in several low cost index funds representing different types of investment vehicles, you should be sufficiently diversified.

Good luck. And Please! Let’s be careful out there.

Reflections on Brexit

The recent Brexit commotion has reinforced many of my investment prejudices. It has been reported that the world’s stock markets lost $3 trillion then made most of it back—all in the space of a few days. Once J.P. Morgan was asked what he expected the stock market to do over then next few years, his answer, “Fluctuate.”

That is the only thing that we know for certain. We don’t know if the market will go up or down. We don’t know if individual stocks will go up or down. However, if we diversify and hope for the best, Siegel’s constant tells us that over any sufficiently long period of time we can expect a 7% return on investment after taxes and inflation. The typical thirty five to forty years of work before retirement is an example of a sufficiently long period of time.

Don’t panic. The world ends every twelve years or so. Then the market will come back. Will it continue to follow this pattern forever? Who knows? I don’t, but over 200 years of data makes me hopeful. If we experience a nuclear war or a revolution, I doubt that the condition of my investments will be my first concern.

In the aftermath of Brexit, one of my stocks, Hong Kong Shanghai Bank based in England took a pretty nasty hit, although it is starting to recover. However gold jumped quite nicely and my American dollars increased in value. Diversify. Diversify. Diversify. As Solomon observed, “Give portions to seven, yes, to eight because you do not know what disaster may come upon the land.”

If you are a trader, you are not playing my game. I am trying to follow Richard Russell’s advice, “Don’t need the market.” Try to make decisions based on the “Prudent Man Rule.” Although this court case is based on the fiduciary nature of the trustee relationship, it is pretty sound advice for any investor. First consider your needs for the future. Then balance your desire for capital gains with your need for income. Time and dividends are your friends. If you can live without the money you have placed in a diverse selection of conservative dividend paying stocks and let the magic of compound interest work in your favor in some instances you will find that your money has doubled even if the price of the underlying shares haven’t measurably increased. Using a free Dividend ReInvestment Program (DRIP) your dividends will automatically buy more shares when the price is low and fewer shares when the price is high. All the time those new shares are generating more dividends to buy additional shares. From time to time over the course of many years, Warren Buffett has bought shares in Coca Cola, but he has never sold any of those shares. Find well managed corporations with wide moats that have a record of increasing their dividends over time or just buy shares in a low cost dividend index fund.

Don’t make hasty decisions. Solomon observes, “The plans of the diligent lead to profit as surely as hast leads to poverty.” I have learned that a hasty decision to buy or sell is often a bad decision. Yes, I do lose some money by missing the tops and the bottoms, but pointing that out assumes that you can always pick the absolute top and the absolute bottom. Good luck with that assumption.

In order to make diligent decisions, we need good advice and good advisors. Solomon also said, “In a multitude of counselors there is wisdom.” Consider news reports on something as trivial as a football game. If you read two reports on the same game in different newspapers, the only thing that writers might agree upon is the final score. However, if you read a half-a-dozen reports on the same game it is likely that you will get a pretty clear and balanced picture of the truth. The investment press is full of opinions, some honest, some compromised by a conflict of interest. However, if you listen carefully to this multitude of counselors you may be surprised how much wisdom you will gain.

Balance. Balance and rebalance. Make certain you have balanced your equities with bonds, CDs, and cash. The Brexit dip was over before it gave me the opportunity to buy. I had made the decision to start buying after a 15% drop. I had the free cash to take advantage of such a situation. In 2008 I bought all the way down. It is very scary to lose money in the market, buy more shares, and then lose more money. However, in the end it turned out well. The last nine months of 2009 was a really good time for the market. Decide on an age appropriate balance of equities and near cash that allows you to sleep soundly on most nights. Then stick with that balance. When the market goes up, sell something. Then put the profits in bonds, a money market fund, or even an old fashioned savings account. When the market drops, start buying equities with that money you stashed away for just such an opportunity. Most investors do the opposite. They buy when the market is near its peak. Then they panic and sell when the market is near the bottom, guaranteeing they lock in their losses.

I continue to believe that the market is overvalued. However, I don’t know what the actions of the Federal Reserve or the British voters might have on the future of my retirement portfolio, so I remain in the market in good times and in bad. I have found that is the best I can do.